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Miró Martínez, JordiAuthorSole Pijuan, EsterAuthorMiro JCorresponding AuthorDe La Vega RAuthorSolé EAuthorGalán SAuthor

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June 12, 2020
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Defining mild, moderate, and severe pain in young people with physical disabilities

Publicated to:Disability And Rehabilitation. 39 (11): 1131-1135 - 2017-05-22 39(11), DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1185469

Authors: Miro, Jordi; de la Vega, Rocio; Sole, Ester; Racine, Melanie; Jensen, Mark P; Galan, Santiago; Engel, Joyce M

Affiliations

Inst Invest Sanitaria Pere Virgil, Catalonia, Spain - Author
Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili - Author
Res Ctr Behav Assessment CRAMC, Dept Psychol, Catalonia, Spain - Author
Research Center for Behavior Assessment (CRAMC) - Author
Unit for the Study and Treatment of Pain - Author
Unit Study & Treatment Pain ALGOS, Catalonia, Spain - Author
Univ Rovira & Virgili, Catalonia, Spain - Author
Univ Washington, Dept Rehabil Med, Seattle, WA 98195 USA - Author
Univ Western Ontario, Schulich Sch Med & Dent, Dept Clin & Neurol Sci, London, ON, Canada - Author
Univ Wisconsin, Dept Occupat Sci & Technol, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA - Author
University of Washington, Seattle - Author
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee - Author
Western University - Author
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Abstract

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the cutoffs that are most suitable for classifying average and worst pain intensity as being mild, moderate, or severe in young people with physical disabilities. Method: Survey study using a convenience sample of 113 young people (mean age = 14.19; SD = 2.9; age range: 8–20) with physical disabilities (namely, spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, limb deficiency (acquired or congenital), or neuromuscular disease). Results: The findings support a non-linear association between pain intensity and pain interference. In addition, the optimal cutoffs for classifying average and worst pain as mild, moderate, or severe differed. For average pain, the best cutoffs were the following: 0–3 for mild, 4–6 for moderate, and 7–10 for severe pain, whereas the optimal classification for worst pain was 0–4 for mild, 5–6 for moderate, and 7–10 for severe pain. Conclusions: The findings provide important information that may be used to help make decisions regarding pain treatment in young people with disabilities and also highlight the need to use different cutoffs for classifying pain intensity in young people with disabilities than those that have been suggested for adults with chronic pain.Implications for rehabilitation Most clinical guidelines make treatment recommendations based on classifications of pain intensity as being mild, moderate, and severe that do not have a clear cut association with pain intensity ratings. Cutoffs that are deemed to be the most appropriate for classifying pain intensity as mild, moderate, and severe appear to depend, at least in part, on the pain population that is being studied and pain domain that is being used. This work helps to advance our knowledge regarding the meaning of pain intensity ratings in young people with physical disabilities. Clinicians can use this information to make empirically guided decisions regarding when to intervene in young people with disabilities and chronic pain.

Keywords

chronic painclassifying paindisabilitiesmild, moderate, and severe painpain severityChronic painClassifying painDisabilitiesMild, moderate, and severe painPain severityYoung people

Quality index

Bibliometric impact. Analysis of the contribution and dissemination channel

The work has been published in the journal Disability And Rehabilitation due to its progression and the good impact it has achieved in recent years, according to the agency WoS (JCR), it has become a reference in its field. In the year of publication of the work, 2017, it was in position 11/69, thus managing to position itself as a Q1 (Primer Cuartil), in the category Rehabilitation.

From a relative perspective, and based on the normalized impact indicator calculated from the Field Citation Ratio (FCR) of the Dimensions source, it yields a value of: 4.43, which indicates that, compared to works in the same discipline and in the same year of publication, it ranks as a work cited above average. (source consulted: Dimensions Sep 2025)

Specifically, and according to different indexing agencies, this work has accumulated citations as of 2025-09-11, the following number of citations:

  • WoS: 14
  • Scopus: 16
  • Europe PMC: 5
  • Google Scholar: 21

Impact and social visibility

From the perspective of influence or social adoption, and based on metrics associated with mentions and interactions provided by agencies specializing in calculating the so-called "Alternative or Social Metrics," we can highlight as of 2025-09-11:

  • The use, from an academic perspective evidenced by the Altmetric agency indicator referring to aggregations made by the personal bibliographic manager Mendeley, gives us a total of: 73.
  • The use of this contribution in bookmarks, code forks, additions to favorite lists for recurrent reading, as well as general views, indicates that someone is using the publication as a basis for their current work. This may be a notable indicator of future more formal and academic citations. This claim is supported by the result of the "Capture" indicator, which yields a total of: 73 (PlumX).

With a more dissemination-oriented intent and targeting more general audiences, we can observe other more global scores such as:

  • The Total Score from Altmetric: 8.5.
  • The number of mentions on the social network Facebook: 1 (Altmetric).
  • The number of mentions on the social network X (formerly Twitter): 11 (Altmetric).

It is essential to present evidence supporting full alignment with institutional principles and guidelines on Open Science and the Conservation and Dissemination of Intellectual Heritage. A clear example of this is:

  • The work has been submitted to a journal whose editorial policy allows open Open Access publication.

Leadership analysis of institutional authors

This work has been carried out with international collaboration, specifically with researchers from: Canada; United States of America.

There is a significant leadership presence as some of the institution’s authors appear as the first or last signer, detailed as follows: First Author (MIRO MIRO, JOSE M.) .

the author responsible for correspondence tasks has been MIRO MIRO, JOSE M..